Abstract: Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are a group of disorders in the central nervous system characterized by progressive neuronal dysfunction and death, leading to functional impairments, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neural injuries caused by trauma or ischemia can also lead to neural dysfunction, severely affecting patients' quality of life. In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have demonstrated remarkable potential in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neural injury repair due to their unique biological properties. This article introduces the biological characteristics of EVs and their critical roles in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neural injury repair, aiming to provide valuable insights for future research and clinical applications in this field.