Maxillary sinus lifting is an effective method to solve the lack of bone volume in the maxillary posterior area. At present, there are many classification methods of maxillary bone volume deficiency, but they cannot directly guide the clinical operation of maxillary sinus lifting. Plasmatrix is a kind of autologous blood extract, which can effectively improve the effect of tissue regeneration and is widely used in the field of maxillofacial tissue regeneration. In this review, we talk about the existing classification of maxillary posterior bone volume deficiency, introduce new classification of maxillary posterior bone volume deficiency based on clinical operation, and the application of plasmatrix in different types of maxillary sinus lifting and the augmentation of maxillary posterior bone defect, to providing a new solution for oral clinicians in maxillary sinus floor lifting.

Objective:To explore the effect of exosomes on the osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods:Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) from deciduous teeth of healthy adults and children were collected. DPSCs and SHED were isolated, cultured and identified by flow cytometry. Exosomes were collected from the supernatant of SHED and identified by transmission electron microscopy, Western blot and nanoparticle tracking analysis. The extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) levels of the control group (10 mg/L PBS), LPS group (10 mg/L LPS) and LPS + exosomes group (10 mg/L LPS+10 mg/L exosomes) were examined; The osteogenic differentiation ability of each group was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) and Alizarin Red staining after addition of mitochondrial respiratory enzyme inhibitor AA. Results: DPSCs and exosomes derived from SHED were successfully obtained. LPS could increase the ECAR level of DPSCs and decrease the OCR/ECAR ratio. After adding exosomes, the level of OCR increased and the decreased OCR/ECAR ratio was restored; RT-PCR and Alizarin Red staining results showed that exosomes can restore the decreased osteogenic differentiation induced by LPS, and AA can inhibit the enhanced osteogenic differentiation ability of exosomes. Conclusions: SHED-derived exosomes can increase the OCR/ECAR ratio of DPSCs to promote osteogenic differentiation in the inflammatory microenvironment.

Objective:To investigate the difference in histological and bioinformatics analysis between inflammatory granulation tissue (IGT) and restorative granulation tissue (RGT) in alveolar bone in order to provide a basis for the treatment of alveolar bone inflammatory lesions by regulating IGT to RGT transformation. Methods:Ten patients receiving delayed autogenous dental transplantation were collected. IGT and RGT were collected from these patients during primary tooth extraction and secondary tooth transplantation, of which three cases were randomly selected for HE staining, Masson staining and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, and the other seven cases were quantitatively analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry label. Results:Compared with IGT, RGT was characterized by a large number of well-arranged and mature fibrous tissues, and the number of bone formation-related cells such as fibroblasts, Osterix+ cells were significantly increased. The bioinformatics results suggested that the differences were mainly in the extracellular matrix and inflammation-related pathways. COL1A1 was significantly up-regulated and played a key role in protein-protein interaction regulatory network. As the main degrading enzyme of COL1A1, cathepsin K (CTSK) was significantly down-regulated in RGT. Conclusions:There were both some similarities and differences between IGT and RGT in histology, and CTSK might be a specific target to regulate transformation from IGT to RGT in alveolar bone.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate and epigallocatechin-3-O-(3-O-methyl)-gallate containing functional preconditioning liquid on the boding stability of intraradicular dentin, hoping to find a new strategy to improve the stability of intraradicular dentin bonding interface. Methods: EGCG and EGCG-3Me was incorporated into distilled water to acquire the preconditioning liquid with concentration of 200、400 and 600 μg/mL, distilled water was used as Control Group. Build root canal-infection model and observe the antibacterial effect of preconditioning liquid with scanning electron microscope (SEM) and laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM). After post preparation, acid etching and washing with each group of preconditioning liquid, 84 teeth collected were prepared as fiber post bonding specimens.The push-out bond strength of instant testing and aging with thermocycling for 5,000 times were also tested. Results: The preconditioning liquid showed inhibiting effect on the colonized bacteria in dentinal tubule and performed better with higher concentration. The immediate push-out bond strength showed no significant difference between control group and preconditioning liquid group (P > 0.05). The aging push-out bond strength showed no obvious decrease for preconditioning liquid group (P > 0.05). Conclusions: EGCG and EGCG-3Me preconditioning liquid showed anti-bacterial effect to the colonized bacterial in dentinal tubule and enhanced the bonding stability of intraradicular dentin-adhesive interfaces.

Objective:To investigate the therapeutic effect of microvesicles (MVs) derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) on rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods:In this experiment, microvesicles of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs-MVs) were isolated and constructed to establish the bovine type II collagen induced rheumatoid arthritis (CIA) with DBA/1J mice, which MVs were injected into tail vein of mice, and controls were inject the same volume of PBS. Four weeks later, HE staining was used to assess arthritis index and synovial pathological changes, and the expression of inflammatory factors was detected by ELISA. Bone marrow bone marrow derived macrophage (BMDM) were isolated and treated with LPS for 24 h to induce into pro-inflammatory macrophages. After 24 h of treatment with MVs, the cell supernatant was collected to detect the expression of inflammatory factors by ELISA, and the expression of surface markers CD80 and CD86 of pro-inflammatory macrophages was measure by flow cytometer. Results:The results suggested that the arthritis score of the MVs group was decreased (P＜0.05). After MVs treatment in vivo, the expression of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) were down-regulated (P＜0.01). HE staining showed that the inflammation of ankle joint was alleviated. The results demonstrated that hUC-MSCs-MVs effectively reduced the expression of inflammatory factors and the expression levels of CD80 and CD86 in macrophage stimulated by LPS (P＜0.05). Conclusions:hUC-MSCs-MVs can effectively relieve the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis in CIA mice.

Objective:To study the co?culture of Leptotrichia buccalisstrain (L.buccalis) and its supernatant with Streptococcus mutans (S.m) to observe the acid production, adhesion changes and ldh, gtfb, gtfc, gtfd gene expression changes. Methods: L.buccalis were isolated from the supragingival plaque and identified by biochemical identification and sequencing, L.buccalis culture group, S.mculture group, L.buccalis and S.m co?culture group, and S.m were added to the L.buccalis supernatant culture group and cultured for 9 hours, and the acid production capacity of each group was compared every hour. Then the L.buccalis culture group, the S.m culture group, the S.m co?culture with 1, 2 and 3 mL of L.buccalis culture group and add 1,2 and 3mL L.buccalis supernatant into S.m culture group to cultivate for 6 hours, and use real?timeRT?PCR method to determine and compare the gene expression of ldh, gtfb, gtfc and gtfd; Add 1,2,3 mL of L.buccalis supernatant to S.m andc o?culture for 9h, and the pH was measured every 1 hour. Compare the changes in acid production capacity; add 50,100 and 150 μL of L.buccalis supernatants to S.m and culture for 24h, and observe the changes in the adhesion number of S.m under a laser confocal microscope. Add 1,2,3mL of L.buccalis supernatant to S.m and culture for 6h,and use real?time RT?PCR to determine the gene expression of ldh, gtfb, gtfc and gtfd. Results: This experiment successfully isolated L.buccalis; After adding L.buccalis or L.buccalis supernatant to S.m, the pH value decreased faster, and the number of bacterial adhesions increased, and the volume of the L.buccalis or L.buccalis increased ldh, gtfb, gtfc and gtfd gene expression increased. Conclusions: L.buccalis and its supernatant can regulate the acid production and adhesion ability of S.m.

Objective:To investigate the cell heterogeneity and the effects of tertiary lymphatic structure (TLS) on the number and functions of immune cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), establish the immune cell atlas of OSCC and dissect the roles of TLS in the pathogenesis of OSCC. Methods:Based on the single cell RNA sequencing data from the primary diagnosed OSCC patients, we used the bioinformatics methods and tools to perform dimension reduction, cell clustering and annotation. Differences of the immune cell composition and internal molecular characteristics in TLS-/+ patients were compared and analyzed. R programming language and R packages were used to perform data analysis and visualize the results. Results:Heterogeneous immune cell populations existed in OSCC patients, including typical immune cell populations; The proportion of immune cells in TLS+ patients were significantly increased and the T cells of TLS+ patients were enriched in pathways related to T cell differentiation, T cell activation and signal transduction. Furthermore, differences analysis of monocyte/macrophages revealed that the interferon signal response and cytokine product were enhanced in TLS+ patients. Conclusions:Heterogeneous immune cell populations existed in OSCC patients and significant molecular differences of these immune cells were dissected between TLS+ and TLS- patients, which could play important roles in exploring the pathogenesis, prognosis and potential targeted therapies of OSCC.

Objective: To evaluate the efficiency of distance and angular of tooth movements in adults treated with clear aligners by superimposing the digital modes．Methods: Thrity two Class I adults with 4 first premolar extraction were included in this study，and each patient was treated with Invisalign G6 system. Initially, predicted treatment and actual treatment digital models were celected, imported into 3D Slicer software, superimposed the modes, and compared the predicted and actual changes of distances and angles of upper and lower incisors and canines. Results: Actual changes of distance of all the incisors and canines were much less than predicted changes of distance. The predicted changes of torque angles of upper and lower incisors, and axial inclinations of upper and lower canines were much less than the actual ones. Actual changes of other torque angle, axial inclination and rotation angle were much less than predicted changes. Conclusions: In the adults treated with clear aligners after extraction, actual distances of three-dimensional movements of upper and lower anterior teeth are not enough, the incisors become more lingually incined, and the canines become more distally incined.

Purpose：This study was aimed to evaluate the Influence of Lateral-Medial Sinus Width on the Outcomes Of Sinus elevation without graft via transcrestal approach. Patients and methods: All patients who received non-grafting osteotome sinus elevation with implant placement simultaneously in our department were recruited for this retrospective study according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data are measured from patients’ cone beam CT which were taken before, right after and 6 months after the surgery. Then relation between the bone formation height(BFH) and sinus width(SW) were analyzed. Results: A total number of 48 patients, 52 implants inserted in 52 lifted sinuses were included in this study.The average SW and RBH was 16.07±4.17 mm,6.42±1.17mm,respectively.The average EH was 4.34±0.93 mm. Intrasinus BFH was1.06±0.57 mm at 6 months after surgery. Multivariate analysis showed a negative correlation between SW and BFH,HR( P＜0.01), NO Statistical significance was discovered between SW and EH,RBH during test. Conclusions: A negative correlation was observed between sinus width and bone formation beight insinus elevation without graft via transcrestal approach.

Traumatic heterotopic ossification (THO) is characterized by the formation of bone tissue in soft tissue after trauma or operation, which is a common clinical phenomenon and complication. THO is the result of the joint efforts of many factors, and the progress of molecular mechanism in THO was systematically reviewed in this article.

Efficient cell vehicles for cell culture and delivery play an important role in stem cell-based tissue regeneration. In recent years, as a new stem cell culture and delivery vehicles, cell-laden microspheres have attracted great attention among researchers due to their multiple advantages, including small size and large specific surface area, injectability, capacity to provide 3D growth environment for cells, integrated ability for both in vitro expanding and in vivo transplantation. For dental pulp regeneration, the root canal system is narrow and irregular, and the reconstruction of the vascular system in it is rather difficult, so the cell-laden microspheres with injectability and rapid mass diffusion became the ideal choice. What’s more, cell-laden microspheres can be optimized through material design to solve the bottleneck issues in pulp regeneration research, including enhancing the odontontic differentiation of the stem cells, or promoting the reconstruction and regeneration of vascular system in the root canal. At present, there is no Chinese review article that summarizes this topic. This paper aims to briefly introduce the properties and characteristics of the cell-laden microspheres, mainly to summarize the research progess in dental pulp regeneration fields, and make some prospects of the future research direction.

There are still many limitations for traditional drug carriers in the in vivo drug delivery, such as weak systemic drug targeting, poor carrier stability, and low biocompatibility. Cell membrane can be used as a remarkable coating material for drugs, according to its important part in cell information transmitting and behaviors mediating. As an emerging carrier, mesenchymal stem cell membrane carrier has the characteristics of active targeting, immune regulation, and membrane surface modification. It has a wide range of application potential in tumor treatment and tissue regeneration. This article puts together the characteristics and application status of mesenchymal stem cell membrane carriers, and provides guidance for future membrane carrier design and clinical applications.