Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are a group of disorders in the central nervous system characterized by progressive neuronal dysfunction and death, leading to functional impairments, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neural injuries caused by trauma or ischemia can also lead to neural dysfunction, severely affecting patients' quality of life. In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have demonstrated remarkable potential in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neural injury repair due to their unique biological properties. This article introduces the biological characteristics of EVs and their critical roles in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and neural injury repair, aiming to provide valuable insights for future research and clinical applications in this field.

Objective: To investigate the changes in the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins and the underlying regulatory mechanism in inflammatory microenvironment induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis(P.gingivalis) lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as well as the effect of these changes on epithelial barrier. Methods: Gingivae were collected from 16 periodontitis patients and 14 periodontally healthy individuals. The expression levels of TJ proteins, Occludin and zona occluden-1 (ZO-1), and signaling molecules, myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and myosin light chain 2 (MLC2), were detected by immunohistochemistry, and the correlations between them and periodontal clinical parameters, gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), plaque index (PLI) and clinical attachment loss (CAL), were analyzed. Human oral keratinocytes (HOKs) were pretreated with or without MLCK inhibitor ML7 or MEK inhibitor U0126, followed by stimulation with P. gingivalis LPS. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and permeability coefficient of fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran 4 (FD4) were measured. The expression levels of Occludin, ZO-1, MEK, ERK, MLCK and MLC2 were detected by Western blot. Results: Compared with the healthy controls, there were decreased expressions of Occludin and ZO-1 in cell membrane, increased cytoplasmic expression of Occludin, MLCK and MLC2, and decreased cytoplasmic expression of ZO-1 (P<0.05). Levels of MLCK and MLC2 were positively correlated with GI, PD and CAL (P<0.05), and cytosolic expressions of Occludin and ZO-1 were negatively correlated with GI, PD and CAL (P<0.05). After P. gingivalis LPS stimulation for 6 h, reduced levels of TEER, Occludin and ZO-1, and increased permeability coefficient of FD4 in HOKs were observed (P<0.05). After LPS stimulation for 1 h, the levels of p-MEK/MEK, p-ERK/ERK, MLCK and p-MLC2/MLC2 were increased (P<0.05). Pretreatment with U0126 or ML7 reduced the expressions of the aforementioned signaling molecules, increased TJ protein expressions, elevated TEER and decreased permeability coefficient of FD4 (P<0.05). Conclusions: P. gingivalis LPS may regulate the expressions of TJ proteins (Occludin and ZO-1) in oral epithelia via MEK/ERK/MLCK/MLC2 pathway, thereby disrupting epithelial barrier.

Objective:?To investigate the clearance of SDSn solution on Vitapexpaste. Methods:?The area of Vitapex paste in the root canal before and after irrigation was calculated by X-ray films, and the clearance rate of Vitapex paste in the root canal under different irrigation schemes was compared. Straight root canal modules were selected,and the optimal concentration of SDSn for removing Vitapex paste in the root canal was screened out. The clearance efficiency of Vitapex paste in straight root canals by distilled water, 1% NaClO, 17% EDTA, 7% maleic acid (MA), 10% citric acid (CA), and 1% SDSn was compared. The clearance efficiency of Vitapex paste in straight root canals by different instruments combined with solutions such as 1% NaClO + H-file (HF), 1% NaClO+ Gentlefile Brush (GF), 1% SDSn + HF, and 1% SDSn + GF was compared. 25° curved root canal modules were selected, and the clearance efficiency of Vitapex paste in curved root canals by different irrigation needles combined with solutions such as 1% NaClO+ double-ended irrigation needle, 1% NaClO + IrriFlex irrigation needle, 1% SDSn + double-lumen flushing needle, and 1% SDSn + IrriFlex irrigation needle was compared. Results:?The clearance rate of Vitapexin 1% SDSn groupwas higher than that of 0.1% SDSn group (P＜0.05), but there was no significant difference compared with 5% SDSn groupand 10% SDSn group (P＞0.05). The clearance rate of Vitapex by 1% SDSn group was higher than that of 1% NaClO group, 17% EDTA group, 7% MA group, and 10% CA group (P＜0.05). In straight root canals, the use of Gentlefile Brush significantly increased the clearance rate in 1% NaClO + GF group (P＜0.05), but did not significantly increase the clearance rate in 1% SDSn + GFgroup (P＞0.05). In the middle and lower segments of curved root canals, 1% SDSn + IrriFlex needle group significantly increased the clearance rate compared with 1% SDSn + double-lumen flushing needle group (P＜0.05). Conclusions: 1% SDSn is efficient in removing Vitapex paste from root canals. For straight root canals, the combination of 1% SDSn and Gentlefile Brush can increase the clearance rate of Vitapex paste. For the middle and lower sections of curved root canals, the use of 1% SDSn in conjunction with the IrriFlex irrigation needle can effectively enhance the clearance rate of Vitapex paste.

Objective:To prepare resveratrol（Res）/mesoporous silica nanoparticles（MSNs）/bipolar calcium phosphate (BCP) composite microspheres and to test their physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. Methods： MSNs hollow microspheres were prepared by emulsion polymerization and hard template method and loaded with Res and BCP, the microstructure of the composite microsphere scaffold was observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), the specific surface area and pore size distribution of the microsphere were analyzed by specific surface area and porosity test, the internal chemical structure of the scaffold was analyzed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the material composition of the scaffold was analyzed by Xray diffraction (XRD), the drug release amount of Res was tested by drug release performance test, and the degradation performance of the composite microsphere scaffold was analyzed by degradation performance test. Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) were co-cultured with the composite microsphere scaffold extract, the cell viability was detected by CCK-8, and the cell adhesion was observed by SEM to evaluate the biocompatibility of composite microspheres scaffolds for hDPSCs. Results： The dispersion of MSNs was good under TEM, and the combination of MSNs and BCP was good under SEM. The test results of specific surface area and porosity showed that the composite microspheres had ultrasmall mesoporous pore size and large specific surface area. The results of FTIR analysis showed the presence of hydroxyapatite (HAp), β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), Res and silica (SiO2) in the composite microsphere scaffold. XRD patterns showed that the characteristic peaks of HAp, β-TCP and SiO2 in Res/MSNs/BCP scaffold materials. The results of drug release test of different quantities of Res showed that the release concentration gradually stabilized with the extension of time, and the release amount increased with the increase of Res weight (P＜0.05). The degradation experiment results showed that the degradation rate of MSNs was the slowest, while the degradation rate of BCP was faster, the degradation rate of MSNs/BCP was between that of MSNs and BCP, and the degradation rate was faster at the initial stage, and gradually stabilized after 21 days (P＜0.05). The results of CCK-8 showed that 1.0% extract of composite scaffold loaded with different Res had no cytotoxicity, and the viability of hDPSCs cells decreased with the increase of extract concentration (P＜0.05). The results of cell adhesion showed that the surface structure of composite scaffold material was suitable for the adhesion and growth of hDPSCs. Conclusions： Res/MSNs/BCP composite microspheres scaffolds have good characterization, physicochemical properties, no cytotoxicity and good biocompatibility. 

Objective: To explore the predictive value of preoperative hemoglobin, albumin-globulin ratio (HAGR) in the prognosis of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods: A total of 235 patients with OSCC were enrolled. The correlation between HAGR and clinical parameters was analyzed by chi-square test. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to evaluate the overall （OS）and disease-free survival rates （DFS）of OSCC patients. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis were used to analyze the independent risk factors affecting the prognosis of OSCC patients. The nomogram was used to observe the survival probability of patients at a specific time point. Results: HAGR value was significantly correlated with gender (P=0.001 3), T stage (P=0.0218), BMI (P=0.024 7) and pathological grade (P=0.0247). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that HAGR was associated with overall (P＜0. 001) and disease-free survival (P＜0.00 1). Multivariate regression analysis showed that T stage (P=0.003), N stage (P=0.003) and HAGR (P=0.009) were independent predictors of overall survival in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. The nomogram showed that HAGR still had a greater weight in predicting survival compared with T stage and N stage. Conclusion: Preoperative HAGR can be used as a prognostic indicator to predict the prognosis of patients with OSCC.

Objective:?To evaluate the impact of dental general anesthesia (DGA) under a chronic disease management (CDM) model on caries risk in children with severe early childhood caries (SECC). Methods:?Eighty SECC patients (aged 3–5 years) were enrolled. Cariostat test was used to assess cariogenic bacterial acid production before and after DGA. Plaque index and questionnaires (feeding habits, oral hygiene, etc.) were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression identified caries-related risk factors, and oral microenvironment changes were compared at 3, 6, and 9 months postoperatively. Results: feeding patterns, timing of nighttime weaning, pre-sleep eating habits, frequency of consuming sugary foods or beverages, age of starting toothbrushing, daily toothbrushing frequency, parental supervision of toothbrushing, use of fluoride toothpaste, maternal frequency of consuming sugary foods or beverages, maternal toothbrushing frequency, maternal flossing, and maternal caries count (P＜0.05). Cariostat scores significantly decreased at 3, 6, and 9 months post-DGA (P＜0.05). Plaque index positively correlated with caries risk (P＜0.001). Conclusions:?DGA combined with CDM effectively reduces caries activity in SECC patients, but long-term follow-up is needed to assess sustainability.

Objective: To analyze the accuracy of 3D printed whole course guide plate assisted oral implant surgery, and evaluate its role in oral implantation. Methods: Forty-one cases involving 60 teeth of dental implant were selected. They were implanted between March 2021 and March 2022 in the dental implant department, and they were divided into two groups: Three dimensional printing whole guide plate planting group and free hand planting group. Each group involved 30 teeth. CBCT were taken preoperatively in all cases, and routine oral scans were carried out by using “Dentiq Guide software”. Implant operations were performed in the guide plate group, but routine implant surgery in the position designed by the software. CBCT were overlapped before and after operation by using “Dentiq Guide software”. The design implant position was measured before operation and the actual implant position was measured after operation. The location difference was calculated between the two groups, and the accuracy of 3D printed plate was compared with that of free hand implant surgery. Results: There were significant differences in the buccolingual angulation, implant neck, and apical mesiodistal error between the two groups (P<0.01). The error of the guide plate planting group was smaller than that of the free hand planting group; In terms of postoperative pain, the guide plate planting group was also significantly lighter than that of the free hand planting group(P<0.01); There are differences in the mesiodistal angulation error and postoperative swelling between the two groups (P<0.05); there were no statistically significant differences in the implant placement depth and the buccolingual error at the implant neck and root (P>0.05). Conclusions: The application of 3D printed guide plates in implant surgery is superior to the free hand planting of experienced planting doctors in terms of surgical accuracy and post response, and it can achieve precise planting oriented by restoration.

The autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) serves as the primary cellular mechanism for the degradation of dysfunctional proteins and organelles, playing a pivotal role in maintaining intracellular homeostasis and in the cell's response to external stressors. Transcription Factor EB (TFEB), known as a master regulator of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis, is increasingly recognized in the pathology of various inflammatory conditions. It exerts its influence by activating a suite of genes associated with autophagy, thus not only enhancing the formation and function of lysosomes but also improving the efficiency of autophagosome formation and degradation. This modulation is particularly significant in diseases such as osteoarthritis, atherosclerosis, pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and oral inflammatory diseases. In this article, we highlight the critical functions of TFEB and explore its regulatory role in the etiology of inflammatory diseases, offering novel insights and potential therapeutic targets for the development of targeted treatments.

This article summarizes the current strategies for promoting pulp revascularization and discusses the key stem cells, signaling molecules, and scaffold materials involved in this process, as well as the relationship between pulp nerve regeneration and vascular regeneration, in order to provide a reference for future in-depth research.

Periodontal ligament stem cell（PDLSC）, as a mesenchymal stem cell with multipotent differentiation capabilities, plays a critical role in periodontal tissue regeneration. Periodontal ligament stem cells promote bone formation, angiogenesis, and anti-inflammatory processes by secreting exosomes, and regulate their regenerative behavior through the uptake of exogenous exosomes. This review summarizes the recent advancements in research on periodontal ligament stem cells in exosome-mediated periodontal tissue regeneration and provides insights into their future applications.