The oral mucosa is persistently subjected to an environment replete with a substantial quantity of microorganisms, allergens, other antigens, and high-frequency mechanical stimuli, yet it manages to maintain long-term stability. Serving as the body's primary immune barrier, the oral mucosal defense system assumes an indispensable role in upholding local and systemic immune homeostasis.The oral mucosal epithelium is characterized by a stratified squamous structure. Saliva, microorganisms, the epithelial barrier, diverse immune cells, and cytokines interact through a range of physical, chemical, and immunological mechanisms both on the outer mucosal surface and within the mucosal epithelium. These elements collaboratively constitute a multi-layered and intricate defense system. The present article aims to comprehensively review the recent research advancements in oral mucosal defense, with the intention of providing a framework for further exploration and elucidation of the complex underlying mechanisms.

Objective:To explore the potential mechanism by which exosomes derived from stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP-Exo) regulate the migration of vascular endothelial cells (VECs) by targeting cell division cycle 42 (CDC42) transcription. Methods:?SCAP-Exo extracted through ultracentrifugation were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis. VECs transfected with siCDC42 were treated with SCAP-Exo, and real-time quantitative PCR and western blot assays were conducted to detect the mRNA and protein expression levels of CDC42 after SCAP-Exo treatment. Scratch wound healing and transwell cell migration assays were performed to assess the migration of VECs. The effects of SCAP-Exo on aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) nuclear translocation and CDC42 expression in VECs were detected by western blotting and immunofluorescence staining assays. Results:?SCAP-Exo could upregulate the mRNA and protein expression levels of CDC42 and enhance the migration of VECs compared to those in the control VECs group. The migration rate of VECs were reduced when VECssiCDC42 were treated with SCAP-Exo compared to the SCAP-Exo-treated VECs. SCAP-Exo induced AHR translocation to the nucleus in VECs. After inhibiting AHR nuclear translocation in VECs, the mRNA and protein expression levels of CDC42 decreased. Conclusions:SCAP-Exo promoted CDC42 transcription by activating AHR translocation, thereby upregulating CDC42 expression, which promoted the migration of VECs. Conclusions:?SCAP-Exo promoted CDC42 transcription by activating AHR translocation, thereby upregulating CDC42 expression, which promoted the migration of VECs.

Objective:? To explore the osteogenic potential and antioxidant ability of chlorogenic acid (CGA) coating on titanium surface in a high glucose environment. Methods:? A bioactive coating was formed on the titanium surface by grafting CGA using [3 - (2 - amino ethyl amino) - propyl] three oxygen radicals silane (AEAPTMS). The coating was characterized using scanning electron microscopy and a water contact angle instrument. Cell proliferation, adhesion to the coating, osteogenesis potential, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation capability were evaluated in MC3T3 E1 cell line under high glucose conditions prior to ossification. Results: The successful grafting of chlorogenic acid onto the titanium surface resulted in a highly hydrophilic coating. This coating effectively enhances cell proliferation and adhesion, while reducing ROS generation and promoting osteogenesis potential. Conclusions:? The chlorogenic acid coating on the titanium surface exhibits a potential to mitigate ROS generation and enhance osteogenesis in a high glucose environment.

Objective:?To explore the expression and clinicopathologic significance of E26 transformation-specific variant transcription factor 4 (ETV4) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods:?The expression level of ETV4 in OSCC and normal oral mucosa epithelial tissues were determined by bioinformatics analysis, which revealed the relationship between the expression of ETV4 and the prognosis of OSCC patients. We constructed a small interfering RNA targeting ETV4 to knockdown ETV4 in Cal27 cells. Western blot experiments were utilized to verify the knockdown efficiency. The effect of ETV4 silencing on the proliferation of Cal27 cells was tested by clone formation assay. The effects of ETV4 silencing on cell migration, invasion and apoptosis of Cal27 cells were examined by migration assay, invasion assay and flow cytometry analysis. Western blot experiment was utilized to examine changes in protein levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) related marker after ETV4 knockdown. GSEA analysis was used to explore the pathway of differential gene enrichment between two groups of patients with high and low expression of ETV4 in TCGA-HNSCC. Results:?Bioinformatics analysis showed that ETV4 was highly expressed in OSCC tissues (P＜0.05); The expression level of ETV4 was significantly correlated with overall survival rate of patients (P＜0.05); Targeted silencing of ETV4 inhibited the proliferation, invasion and migration of Cal27 cells and promoted the apoptosis of Cal27 cells (P＜0.05); Targeted silencing of ETV4 inhibited the EMT process in Cal27 cells. The differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in the pathways of EMT and HNSCC between two groups of patients. Conclusions:?ETV4 is highly expressed in OSCC and can be utilized as a biomarker for survival prognosis in OSCC patients. ETV4 positively regulates the proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT of OSCC cells, and is negatively correlated with the apoptosis of OSCC cells.

Objective: To investigate the effects of bioactive glass (BG) on the proliferation of osteoblasts and the expression of YAP/PDZ-binding motif of transcriptional coactivator (TAZ).Methods: High density polyethylene (HDPE), hydroxyapatite (HA) +HDPE complex and BG+HDPE complex were constructed. The crystal morphology and structure of polymer phase in the three biomaterials were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction. The three materials were fixed in the bottom of the cell culture dish after ultraviolet disinfection, and the rat osteoblasts were inoculated and cultured in the dish for 7 days. The cell structure was observed by contrast microscope and laser confocal microscope, and the proliferation and apoptosis of the cells in each group were detected by CCK-8 and flow cytometry. Western blot was used to detect the expressions of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen type I (COL-1), osteopontin (OPN), RUNt-associated transcription factor 2 (Runx2), YAP and /TAZ proteins in osteoblasts in each group. Results:?The HDPE matrix phase of the three materials showed a typical orientation structure, and HA and BG were dispersed in the matrix phase. The constituent bone cells were long fusiform, the cell morphology was complete, the cytoskeleton was continuous and complete without fracture or loss, and the cell nuclei were rounded and three-dimensional cells showed mitosis. The proliferation activity of bone cells composed of BG+HDPE was higher than that of the other two groups (P<0.05), and the apoptosis rate was lower than 5% in all three groups. The protein expressions of ALP, COL-1, OPN, Runx2, YAP and TAZ in bone cells composed of BG+HDPE were higher than those in the other two groups (P<0.05).Conclusions:?BG can promote the proliferation of osteoblasts in rats, and its mechanism may be related to the up-regulation of YAP/TAZ and Runx2 expression.

Objective:?To preliminarily screen and analyze the differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs in human parotid pleomorphic adenoma. Methods:?Three pairs of human parotid pleomorphic adenoma tumors (tumor group) and adjacent specimens (control group) were collected and differentially expressed lncRNAwere detected by high-throughput lncRNA-chip. By calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient (pcc), lncRNA co-expressed with pleomorphic adenoma gene 1 (PLAG1) and catenin beta 1 (CTNNB1) were screened, and the expression of interested lncRNA were verified using real-time PCR. Results: Compared to the control group, a total of 17382 lncRNA showed significant differencesin human parotid pleomorphic adenoma tumor samples; among these lncRNA, 8182 were up-regulated, and 9200 were down-regulated, which were mainly anti-sense and intergenic lncRNA (P＜0.05). Meanwhile, 23 lncRNA co-expressed with PLAG1 and CTNNB1 were screened (11 upregulated and 12 downregulated), among which ENST000000609511 showed no statistical difference in following validation (P＞0.05), while the expression of T256768 in tumor samples was significantly reduced compared to the control group (P＜0.05). Conclusions:?The differentially expression of lncRNA-T256768 may be related to the occurrence and development of parotid pleomorphic adenoma.

Tooth loss is one of the most common diseases, and the existing clinical restorative methods fail to achieve functional tooth regeneration. With the advancement of regenerative medicine, stem cell-based tissue engineering techniques have emerged as promising therapeutic strategies.The tooth root is the basis for the stable function of the tooth. Therefore, a key challenge in tooth regeneration lies in the successful regeneration of functional tooth roots. By collecting tissues in vitro to obtain stem cells with high proliferation and differentiation potential, and combining them with biocompatible scaffold materials, it is possible to construct tissue-engineered biological roots (bio-root). This review aims to provide an overview of recent advancements in the research on biological tooth roots.

The bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) are not only the key cell sources for bone regeneration, but also play an immunomodulatory role by recruiting and regulating the phenotype and function of macrophages. At the same time, macrophages not only create a good microenvironment for bone regeneration by removing cell debris and necrotic tissue, but also participate in bone regeneration by affecting the migration and differentiation of BMMSCs. Therefore, the regulation of the interaction between BMMSCs and macrophages is of great significance for bone regeneration. This article reviews the recent progress of the interaction between BMMSCs and macrophages and its regulatory strategies during bone regeneration.

This article reviews the sources and metabolism of nitrites, the progress in research on their antibacterial properties and mechanisms, and looks forward to future research directions and potential applications in oral treatments.

Infrabony defects on the distal surface of the second molar may result in tooth mobility or early loss, diminishing patients' quality of life. Research has indicated that periodontal regeneration therapy can effectively address infabony defects on the distal surface of the second molar and promote new attachment. Based on existing clinical evidence, this article reviews potential factors that can influence the outcomes of periodontal regeneration therapies on infrabony defects on the distal surface of the second molar and the overall efficacy of this treatment.